I’m baaack, Hey guys I hope you’re doing good. So I’m back with one more Black history article. I promise this is the last one. This one’s about Little Rock Nine. I hope you like it.

The Little Rock nine were 9 African American Students who defied racial segregation in the schools of Little Rock, Arkansas. The group included Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Pattillo, Gloria Ray, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, and Carlotta Walls. These students did what every figure in the civil rights movement would come to do, Never gave up. These students faced violence every day, but they kept coming back because equal education was in their rights.

In summer 1957, these nine students enrolled at Little Rock central HIgh school, which formerly was white, Their decision to enrol was a test for the decision of brown v.s  Board of education in 1954. The decision had declared segregation of schools, unconstitutional. However, Gov.Orval Faubus said that he would not allow integration in his area’s schools.

He set up national guard outside the school to prevent the 9 African American students from entering the schools.  Protesters and Angry white mobs harmed the Little rock 9 when they tried to enter the school on September 2nd, 1957.  This encounter made it to many newspapers and television who dubbed the students “Little Rock 9.”

The Students lingered at home for 18 days while president Eisenhower, Governor Faubus, and Little Rock’s mayor, Woodrow Mann.

On September 25th the students joined the school with the protection of U.S Soldiers. However, due to the rise in Violence and state insubordination, the president sent in an elite 101st Airborne division known as the “Screaming Eagles.” Also placing the National Guard under Federal Command.

The little rock 9 continued to face violence throughout the school year, and when Minnijean Brown started to retaliate, she got expelled. The rest of the eight students continued to study in the school. In 1958, Senior Ernest Green became the first African American student to graduate from Little Rock Central high school

The Civil Right Movement has mainly focused around on education.  Education, many believed, would help African Americans to get better jobs and to gain influence in American society. However, overcoming school segregation, especially in the South, meant extreme facing opposition and risking extreme violence.  Little Rock Nine served as a Catalyst for the Civil rights movement when the states started to stall desegregation. The civil rights movement led to the Congress to take action through the civil rights act of 1964; the law made it illegal to separate people based on their Race, religion, or origin in almost all aspects of the society.  Summing-up the Little Rock nine were figures who did something many failed to do.

Elisabeth Eckford, one of the first African-American students at Little Rock Central High being harassed by Hazel Massery, 1957. Reddit

Resources:

Little Rock Nine Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. January 02, 2018 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Little-Rock-Nine May 22, 2018

History.com Staff,  History.com,  2010, Little Rock  Nine,http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration May 22, 2018

http://historycollection.co/24-photographs-nine-students-changed-world/

Hey guys!, I hope you’re doing good. So here’s one more post about black history, This may or may not be the last, we’ll see. So this one’s about Brown v.s Board of Education one of the most important supreme cases in Black history. I hope you like it.

Brown vs Board of education was perhaps one of the most critical moments in Black history. This case helped black students to finally go to school with white students giving them an equal chance at studying and learning as the whites. This case gave hope to many African Americans that, “Separate but equal” would ultimately be gone. It gave them hope for the future, that their lives would get slightly better. The case was a huge stepping stone which would lead to a bridge which would lead the African- Americans to a better life. This case shed light on Segregation which had taken over the south. This case was a move towards a better future, a future which every black kid wanted.

February 28, 1951, Marks the day the case was filed by Oliver brown to the Federal district court, in Kansas. Following it many more segregated school cases were filed. Finally, in October 1952, the Supreme court announced that all the school cases would be filed under Brown vs Board of Education. During December 9th – 11th, the first round of arguments were held. The second round of discussions was held on 1953, December 7th – ninth. May 17, 1954, the day when the unanimous verdict which overturned Plessy v.s Ferguson and stated that “Separate but Equal” was considered unconstitutional. That day many black people rejoiced, not because they won the case but because there was still hope for the future. Later on May 31, 1955, Supreme court handed down Brown II, Ordering to start desegregation at all deliberate speed. This was significant as the term “All deliberate speed” was vague, this stalled desegregation in states, which served as the breeding ground for student protests which lead to the Civil rights Movement.

There were many Significant moments during that time, which helped shape the Unanimous decision. Some of them dated way back, before the case was even brought in the supreme court. 1908 July 2nd, The day when Thurgood Marshall was born, this day was of extreme importance because Thurgood Marshall would go on to become the Lead counsel in the Brown v.s Board of Education. 1909 when the NAACP was formed, this day has a significance because, in the coming years, NAACP would help in winning the case. Then fast forward to 8th September 1953, Chief Justice Fred Vinson Jr. died of a heart attack, this was significant because Justice Earl Warren was nominated in his place and would later address the unanimous ruling in the Brown v. Board case.

The Browns won this case because the Judges compared the arguments and also based them on the 12, 13 and 14 amendments but also on evidence found about what white students are being taught. Studying in the same place as blacks would teach whites that blacks are not bad as they are being shown. The impact was a good one as it was a significant step in desegregating America. This case ruling gave hope to many African-Americans that “Equal but Separate” would ultimately be gone. This case was prominent in Black history because this case got rid of segregation in schools and made sure that the phrase “Separate but Equal.” was unconstitutional and that it did not have a place in the society.  The Legacy of this case was passed through every generation of the black families. This case gave light to black people; it gave them hope for a better future.

One significant event which led to civil rights movement was after the May 31, Brown II decision which said to try and remove segregation at all deliberate speed, many places in south managed to avoid or stall desegregation for a long time which catalysed for students to start the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement led to the Congress to take action through the civil rights act of 1964; the law made it illegal to separate people based on their Race, religion, or origin in almost all aspects of the society.  To conclude the Brown vs Board of Education was indeed a significant moment in History, which led to many improvements in Blacks daily life.

Resources:

History.com History.com 2009 Brown v. Board of Education http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka May 07, 2018

Meador, Derrick. “How Brown v. Board of Education Changed Public Education for the Better.” ThoughtCo, Apr. 12, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/brown-v-board-of-education-summary-3194665   

Kelly, Martin. “Brown v. Board of Education.” ThoughtCo, Jul. 14, 2017, https://www.thoughtco.com/brown-v-board-of-education-104963  

https://www.ncpedia.org/civil-rights-movement/brown-v-board-of-education

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/timeline.html

Hey guys, as I said be notified for more posts to come this week, here’s one more. Enjoy. This post is about Jim Crow laws in the U.S

Jim Crow law:  In U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. From the late 1870s, Southern state legislatures, no longer controlled by carpetbaggers and freedmen, passed laws requiring the separation of whites from “persons of colour” in public transportation and schools. Generally, anyone of ascertainable or strongly suspected black ancestry in any degree was for that purpose a “person of colour”;
Jim Crow Law: Jim Crow refers to a series of racist laws and measures that discriminated against African-Americans. Even though these laws were enacted between 1876 and 1965, the effects of Jim Crow are relevant today. Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Based on ideas of black inferiority, to stop blacks to become equal to white men.

Segregation: Separation because of race, gender or religion

Two types of Segregation:

1. De Jure: Rules or Laws of segregation enforced by the Law to the state
2. De Facto: Policies of Segregation not enforced by the Law instead is enforced by Local business or is normal in the Society

Integration: acceptance as equals into a society of persons of different groups (as races)

Due to the social intolerability of racial equality, people of various races were not allowed to share waiting rooms. By being supported even at the local police department, it shows just how much racial tensions had affected the governing systems of the United States. Though people of a different race were allowed to ride the same bus, all coloured riders were forced by law to sit in the back in marked coloured sections or had to sacrifice their seats to white passengers if the white part became full. Often, they were not even permitted to enter the bus through the same door to further symbolises racial dominance of one over the other.

The black and whites were allowed into theatres if they behaved well and the owners were allowed to have separate compartments for white and black people.

The Jim Crow Museum:

Resources:

Types Of Segregation – Civil Rights May 05, 2018 https://kaylawinandywd.weebly.com/types-of-segregation.html

I hope you like this post

Hey guys. Sorry for not posting for some time. SO recently I have been looking into Civil rights in the U.S, and I came across an organisation known as the NAACP, So I decided to write an essay on the association. I hope you like it. DOn’t forget to add your ideas or contact me through my email.

NAACP, also known as the National Association of the Advancements of Coloured people was founded on February 12, 1909, due to the Springfield Race riot in 1908, This riot was full of violence which led to the creation of the NAACP, a group of white liberals, which included Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard, William English Walling and Dr Henry Moscowitz. They called a meeting to address and discuss Racial Justice. 60 people, agreed which included 7 African Americans ((including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and Mary Church Terrell). It was released on the centennial of Lincoln’s birth. The NAACP echoed the movements and works of the Niagara Movement from 1905, which focused on Civil rights. The NAACP intended to secure rights for people guaranteed in the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution, which promised an end to slavery, the equal protection of the law, and universal adult male suffrage, respectively. The NAACP focuses on eliminating racial prejudice for all minority races using the democratic process.

In 1910,  A national office was established in New York. Du Bois was the only African American among the originals, He was made the director of publications and research. He also established the official Journal for NAACP, named The Crisis in 1910.

The Crisis was and is the Official voice for civil rights. It was founded to address and discuss issues and problems faced by the African Americans. It shared the intellectual and artistic works of coloured people. During its first decades, It focused on aspects of the utmost importance like Lynching and world war I. From 1920-21, The Brownie’s book, was published as a children’s version of the Crisis. It was the first periodical exclusively for the African-American Youth. With time, it became a voice for the Harlem Renaissance. Du Bois started to publish works of famous literary figures of the society. In 1928 Krigwa Players (CRIGWA: Crisis Guild of Writers and Artists) was founded, Which fostered theatre production about, by, for and near the African American community. To this day, The crisis remains the official publication of the NAACP

Lynching was one of the primary focus for the NAACP. They saw it for what it was a cruel act against innocent people, rather than excusing it like most of America at the time. One of their first known public events was an anti-lynching protest. It was a Silent Protest Parade where over 10,000 African-Americans marched down Fifth Avenue of New York City. This Silent March helped the NAACP gain a lot of attention and support for their activism.The NAACP’s anti-lynching crusade became a prime focus for the group during its early decades. Eventually, the NAACP was unable to get a federal anti-lynching law passed; however, its efforts increased public awareness of the issue and are thought to have contributed to an ultimate decline in lynchings. By 1919, there were around 90,000 members and more than 300 local branches.

The NAACP played a focal role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. One of the organisation’s key achievements was the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education that outlawed segregation in public schools. Pioneering civil-rights attorney Thurgood Marshall, the head of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF), successfully appealed the case before the court. Marshall, who founded the LDF in 1940, won many important civil rights cases involving issues such as voting rights and discriminatory housing methods. In 1967, he became the first African American to serve as a Supreme Court justice. The NAACP also took part in helping to organise 1963, March on Washington, which was one of the biggest civil rights rallies in the U.S History. They also helped in running the 1964’s Mississippi Freedom Summer. An action to allow Black Mississippians to vote.

Although the world has progressed immensely, Troubles for coloured people still continue and therefore organisations like NAACP, are still needed. And may also be required in the near future. NAACP is an organisation which will always be needed as the world keeps evolving, there will always be a moment when people, will need someone to show them the correct way. Thank you

Hopefully, I will post more this week!, Be notified

Resources:

NAACP – Black Women and the Anti-Lynching Campaign. May 01, 2018

http://blackwomenandanti-lynching.weebly.com/naacp.html

NAACP – Facts & Summary – HISTORY.com. May 01, 2018

https://preview.history.com/topics/naacp

NAACP | Oldest and Boldest. May 01, 2018

http://www.naacp.org/oldest-and-boldest/